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The Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam (''Vietnamese:'' Nam Kỳ Lục tỉnh or just Lục tỉnh) is the historical name for a particular region of Southern Vietnam which is referred to in French as Basse-Cochinchine. (''Lower Cochinchina''). The region was politically defined and established after the independence of the Nguyễn Dynasty, and lasted from 1832, when Emperor Minh Mạng introduced administrative reforms, to 1867, which culminated in the eight-year French campaign to conquer the Six Provinces. The six provinces, which in 1832 Emperor Minh Mạng divided Southern Vietnam into, are: * Phiên An, later changed name to Gia Định (provincial capital city: Sài Gòn), * Biên Hòa (provincial capital: Biên Hòa), * Định Tường (provincial capital: Mỹ Tho) * Vĩnh Long (provincial capital: Vĩnh Long), * An Giang (provincial capital: Châu Đốc), * Hà Tiên (provincial capital: Hà Tiên). These provinces are often subdivided into two groups: the three eastern provinces of Gia Định, Định Tường, and Biên Hòa; and the three western provinces of Vĩnh Long, An Giang, and Hà Tiên. == History == The Mekong Delta region (the location of the Six Provinces) was gradually annexed by Vietnam from the Khmer Empire starting in the mid 17th century to the early 19th century, through their Nam tiến territorial expansion campaign. In 1832, Emperor Minh Mạng divided Southern Vietnam into the six provinces ''Nam Kỳ Lục tỉnh.'' According to the Đại Nam nhất thống chí (Nguyễn Dynasty national atlas) of the ''Quốc sử quán'' (official Nguyễn-era compilation of Vietnamese history, geography and people from 1821-1945), in 1698 the lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu established the prefecture (phủ) of Gia Định. In 1802, emperor Gia Long turned Gia Định prefecture into a township, and in 1808, he renamed Gia Định prefecture into a governorate containing the 5 townships of Phiên An, Biên Hòa (or Đồng Nai), Định Tường, Vĩnh Thanh (or Vĩnh Long), and Hà Tiên. In 1832, emperor Minh Mạng renamed Phiên An Citadel into Gia Định Citadel, and the 5 townships were turned into the 6 provinces of Phiên An, Biên Hòa, Định Tường, Vĩnh Long, Hà Tiên, and the newly established An Giang. Thus, the Six Provinces was created in 1832; and in 1834 the Six Provinces were collectively called ''Nam Kỳ'' (''"Southern Region"'', which would eventually be known in the West as ''Cochinchina''). Phiên An Province was renamed to Gia Định Province in 1835.〔Đại Nam Nhất Thống Chí. Volume 5. Phạm Trọng Điềm dịch. Đào Duy Anh hiệu đính (Nxb Thuận Hóa, 1992, trang 122, 133, 200, 201). Tuy nhiên, sử Nguyễn là ''Quốc triều sử toát yếu'' (tr. 205) và Nguyễn Đình Đầu ("Địa lý lịch sử Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh", trong ''Đại chí văn hóa Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh'' (tập 1). Nxb TP. HCM, 1987, tr. 209) đều cho rằng: "Tháng 5 (âm lịch) năm Quý Tỵ (1833), Lê Văn Khôi khởi binh chiếm thành Phiên An. Tháng 8 (âm lịch) năm đó, vua Minh Mạng cho đổi tỉnh Phiên An thành tỉnh Gia Định".〕 After the French colonial invaders, led by vice-admiral Rigault de Genouilly attacked and captured the three eastern provinces of Gia Định, Định Tường, and Biên Hòa in 1862, and invaded the remaining western provinces of Vĩnh Long, An Giang, Hà Tiên in 1867, the French Empire abolished the administrative divisions created by the Nguyễn Dynasty. At first, the French used ''départements'' instead of prefectures, and ''arrondissements'' in place of districts (''huyện'').〔Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises (Nouvelle série, Tome XX). Sài Gòn: 1945, p. 16.〕 By 1868, the former ''Nam Kỳ Lục tỉnh'' had over 20 arrondissements (districts). Cochinchina was ruled by a French government-appointed governor in Saigon, and each county had a ''Secrétaire d’Arrondissement'' (en: "''County Secretary''", vi: "''thư ký địa hạt''" or "''bang biện"''). Bạc Liêu county was created in 1882. On 16 January 1899, the counties were changed into provinces per a French government decree, each with a provincial premier (fr: "''chef de la province''", vi: "''chủ tỉnh''") who is head of provincial government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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